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SQL vs NoSQL Scalability Trade-offs in System Design

1) Problem Clarification / Làm rõ bài toán

EN

System architects must choose between SQL (relational) and NoSQL (non-relational) depending on:

  • consistency needs
  • scale
  • data model
  • workload patterns

VI

Kiến trúc sư phải chọn giữa SQL (quan hệ) và NoSQL (phi quan hệ) dựa trên:

  • độ nhất quán
  • scale
  • kiểu dữ liệu
  • pattern workload

2) SQL Model Overview / Tổng quan SQL

EN

SQL databases (PostgreSQL, MySQL) provide:

✔ ACID transactions
✔ Joins
✔ strong consistency
✔ complex relational constraints

Best for:

  • finance
  • booking systems
  • user identity / auth
  • inventory ledger

VI

SQL cung cấp:

✔ transaction ACID
✔ join
✔ strong consistency
✔ constraint

Phù hợp cho:

  • tài chính
  • hệ thống booking
  • identity/auth
  • tồn kho

3) NoSQL Model Overview / Tổng quan NoSQL

EN

NoSQL databases like Cassandra, DynamoDB, Mongo:

✔ horizontal scale
✔ schema-flexible
✔ optimized for specific access patterns
✔ eventual consistency available

Good for:

  • analytics
  • logs
  • social feeds
  • user-generated content
  • IoT telemetry

VI

NoSQL như Cassandra/Mongo/Dynamo:

✔ scale ngang
✔ schema linh hoạt
✔ tối ưu theo pattern
✔ eventual consistency

Phù hợp cho:

  • analytics
  • logs
  • social feed
  • nội dung user
  • IoT

4) CAP Theorem Perspective / Góc nhìn CAP

EN

SQLCP (Consistency + Partition Tolerance)
NoSQLAP/CP depending on engine

Choosing consistency model is fundamental.

VI

SQLCP (Consistency + Partition tolerance)
NoSQLAP hoặc CP tuỳ DB

Chọn consistency model là cốt lõi.

5) Scalability Trade-offs / Thương lượng về scale

EN

SQL struggles with:

  • horizontal scale
  • partitioning
  • distributed write load

NoSQL built for:

  • massive writes
  • sharding
  • geo distribution

VI

SQL khó:

  • scale ngang
  • partition
  • load ghi phân tán

NoSQL sinh ra để:

  • chịu viết nhiều
  • sharding
  • multi region

6) Data Modeling Trade-off / Mô hình dữ liệu

EN

SQL:

✔ normalized
✔ join-heavy
✔ integrity constraints

NoSQL:

✔ denormalized
✔ duplication for fast reads
✔ no foreign keys
✔ query-driven schema

VI

SQL:

✔ normalized
✔ join nhiều
✔ constraint

NoSQL:

✔ denormalized
✔ duplication để đọc nhanh
✔ không FK
✔ schema theo query

7) When to pick SQL? / Khi nào chọn SQL?

EN

Pick SQL when:

  • monetary transactions
  • inventory where oversell unacceptable
  • reporting variance risk
  • relational integrity required

Examples: banking, accounting, booking.

VI

SQL phù hợp:

  • giao dịch tài chính
  • tồn kho / booking
  • rủi ro báo cáo
  • integrity cao

Ví dụ: bank, accounting, booking.

8) When to pick NoSQL? / Khi nào chọn NoSQL?

EN

Pick NoSQL when:

  • huge writes or reads
  • schema flexible
  • media-heavy content
  • events, IoT, logs

Examples: news feed, analytics, session store.

VI

NoSQL phù hợp:

  • đọc/ghi khủng
  • schema linh hoạt
  • media
  • event, IoT

Ví dụ: feed, analytics, session.

9) Polyglot Persistence / Kết hợp đa DB

EN

Best architectures use both:

✔ SQL for strong data
✔ NoSQL for high-throughput / read-heavy data

Example: Uber → MySQL for trips, Cassandra for events

VI

Hệ thống tốt nhất kết hợp cả hai:

✔ SQL cho dữ liệu cần đảm bảo
✔ NoSQL cho high-throughput

Ví dụ: Uber dùng MySQL + Cassandra

10) Sharding SQL / Sharding SQL

EN

When SQL grows:

  • application-level sharding
  • id hashing
  • lookup routing service

Require sophisticated replication & schema migration.

VI

Khi SQL lớn:

  • sharding theo app
  • hash id
  • service routing lookup

Cần migration & replication tốt.

11) NoSQL Trade-offs / Mặt trái của NoSQL

EN

  • eventual consistency
  • complex failure handling
  • no joins → duplication
  • awkward schema evolution

VI

Nhược điểm:

  • eventual consistency
  • xử lý lỗi phức tạp
  • duplication vì không join
  • schema evolution không dễ

12) Example Scenario / Ví dụ dùng thực tế

EN

Design a feed system:

  • SQL stores user/profile
  • NoSQL stores feed items & engagement log

Design an ecommerce checkout:

  • SQL for order + payment
  • NoSQL for clickstream analytics

VI

Feed:

  • SQL cho user/profile
  • NoSQL cho feed & interaction

E-commerce:

  • SQL cho order/payment
  • NoSQL cho clickstream

13) Future Trends / Xu hướng tương lai

EN

  • NewSQL (CockroachDB, Spanner) bridges gap
  • auto-sharding SQL
  • multi-model DBs emerging

VI

Xu hướng:

  • NewSQL (Spanner/Cockroach) hợp nhất
  • SQL auto shard
  • DB multi-model
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